Section 2.1: Introduction to Cannabinoids: An Overview of Major and Minor Compounds
Cannabinoids are a diverse group of chemical compounds that are characterized by their ability to interact with cannabinoid receptors, which are part of the endocannabinoid system in the human body and other mammals. The cannabis plant (*Cannabis sativa L.*) is a rich source of these compounds, producing over 100 distinct phytocannabinoids. These plant-derived cannabinoids are responsible for the various effects associated with cannabis consumption.
Categories of Cannabinoids:
- Phytocannabinoids: Synthesized naturally by plants, primarily the cannabis plant (e.g., Delta9-THC, CBD).
- Endocannabinoids: Produced naturally within the bodies of humans and animals (e.g., anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol or 2-AG). They play a crucial role in maintaining physiological balance (homeostasis).
- Synthetic Cannabinoids: Created entirely in a laboratory. This category includes both research chemicals and illicitly produced substances (like "Spice" or "K2"), as well as pharmaceutically developed cannabinoids.
Major vs. Minor Cannabinoids:
- Major Cannabinoids: These are typically the most abundant cannabinoids found in the plant. Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) are the most well-known and extensively studied major cannabinoids. Their concentrations can vary significantly between different cannabis strains (chemovars).
- Minor Cannabinoids: These are present in cannabis in much lower concentrations than THC or CBD. Examples include Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabinol (CBN), Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Cannabichromene (CBC), and Cannabidivarin (CBDV). Despite their lower abundance, research into their unique pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic benefits is rapidly expanding.
The sheer number of identified cannabinoids, exceeding one hundred, points towards a vast and largely uncharted pharmacological territory. While THC and CBD have received the most attention, the numerous minor cannabinoids are increasingly being recognized for their unique potential benefits and effects.